Cultivar Details:

Plant physiology: 4.5 feet tall, assuming a three-week veg period. Width is about 2 feet.

Average yield: Total flower weight of 60 grams per sq. ft.

Flowering time: 63 to 70 days

Ideal light-intensity setting: 700 to 900 µmol/m2/s from double-ended HPS fixtures

Water needs: Maintain a volumetric water content of 55% to 60% in the grow medium throughout the flower cycle.

Ideal cultivation temperature: 74 degrees to 80 degrees Fahrenheit during first 56 days of flower; 64 degrees to 70 degrees Fahrenheit during last 7 to 14 days for optimal trichome ripening

Ideal cultivation relative humidity: 55% to 65% relative humidity (RH) during the first 42 days of flower then reduced to 50% to 55% RH during the last 21 to 28 days

Nutrient needs: Diamond Dust performs well in a nutrient formulation with an electrical conductivity (EC) of 2.0 to 2.8.

Cannabinoid profile: Type 1, THC-dominant variety with a decent amount of cannabigerol (CBG) that carried through from the Lemon Haze (sativa) lineage. Diamond Dust generally tests around 21% to 25% THC and 2% CBG, which gives a nice balance to provide a clean and clear high.

Terpene profile: d-Limonene, linalool, ß-caryophyllene, e-nerolidol, ß-pinene, and ß-myrcene gives Diamond Dust a terpene profile that is somewhat a mix of cheese funk and sweet.

Susceptibility to any diseases/conditions: Resistant to powdery mildew (PM) and botrytis

Across the U.S., many pet parents fresh off the heels of Independence Day fireworks continue to look for solutions to pet anxiety during noisy or other particularly stressful situations. The federal legalization of hemp-derived cannabinoids took place in December 2018 via the signing into law of The Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 (commonly referred to as the 2018 Farm Bill). Despite the law’s novelty, a great deal more already has been discovered this year about how cannabidiol (CBD) works for humanity’s furry friends, including amongst the racket and chaos of a fireworks show. Whether doled out in tinctures, treats, or even capsules and topicals, the pet CBD market is diversifying and growing—quickly.

The three things to know about this evolving industry are:

• Pet owners look to CBD to address a range of conditions and symptoms their animals are experiencing—primarily anxiety, followed by pain (particularly joint pain/arthritis), and less commonly for skin conditions, seizure disorders and others.
• Though dogs have dominated the space traditionally, consumers are beginning to purchase more CBD-infused products for their cats, horses, birds and even smaller critters and reptiles.
• As is the case in the human realm, a broad societal backlash against opioids and other pharmaceutical products—largely attributed to associated side effects and costs—has driven many consumers to seek natural health products for their pets as well. Accordingly, interest and revenues in the pet CBD space have blown up post-Farm Bill, as consumers feel more comfortable and better-informed about CBD and its uses. This paves the way for the pet CBD space to grow from a $32 million to a $401 million market over the course of just one year, according to predictive analytics and market research firm Brightfield Group.

Today’s market continues to be hampered by regulatory barriers, such as the FDA’s prohibition of ingestible CBD sales pending the establishment of an official, sanctioned regulatory framework, limitations placed on veterinarians by the DEA, and other state-level laws and policies.

Despite this, Brightfield Group anticipates the market will grow more than twelvefold in 2019 as a number of mass retailers are expected to onboard CBD products before the year is out, launching them into the public eye even more so than they are currently, giving significantly more consumers easy access to product and helping further destigmatize the use of CBD in animals.

Furthermore, in the medium-term, major manufacturers will join the space with tremendous resources and capital at their disposal, helping them more effectively and thoroughly tap into the $18-billion U.S. pet vitamins and supplements market, and further fueling the growth of the pet CBD industry.

Jamie Schau attained a B.A. in international studies and an M.A. in international development from the University of California, San Diego. She is head of research with Brightfield Group, where she performs quantitative and qualitative analyses of various aspects of the U.S. marijuana markets.

Biological control is a preventative approach used to manage insect and/or mite pests through the use of natural predators and parasitoids. A number of factors can cause a biological control program to fail to provide sufficient regulation of insect and mite pests. Here are four of the most common factors to avoid so you can get the most from your parasitoids and predators.

1. Not implementing an ‘aggressive’ scouting program

Because biological control is a preventative approach, it is important to develop and implement an aggressive scouting/monitoring program that will allow you to determine the population dynamics (relationship between pest populations and environmental factors that can influence populations) and track trends in pest numbers during the growing season. Scouting at least twice per week will result in more efficient timing of natural enemy releases. However, before releasing parasitoids, remove any yellow sticky cards at least one week prior, as adult parasitoids are attracted to and will be captured on the yellow sticky cards.

2. Not conducting a quality assessment of purchased natural enemies

Quality assessment and functional natural enemies that are capable of locating and killing targeted hosts are critical to a biological control program’s success. Shipments of natural enemies (parasitoids and/or predators) should be stored for no more than three days to avoid negatively affecting fitness and foraging ability, which can impact the performance of natural enemies in regulating pest populations. In most cases, natural enemies should be released immediately upon receipt.

Before release, however, always check to ensure that natural enemies are alive. For predatory mites such as Phytoseiulus persimilis, which are shipped in vermiculite or bran carriers, a small amount of the carrier can be placed on a white sheet of paper and checked with a 10x hand lens or a dissecting microscope to determine if the predatory mites are active or not. Parasitoids, such as Encarsia formosa and Eretmocerus eremicus, shipped as parasitized pupae or mummied aphids can be evaluated for quality by placing a sample release card (for whitefly parasitoids) or small sample of the carrier with mummified aphids (for aphid parasitoids) inside a glass Mason jar with a lid. Affix a 1-inch section of a yellow sticky card to the bottom of the lid. Check the Mason jar regularly to ensure that adults are emerging from the pupae or mummified aphids. The number of potential functional parasitoids that emerged from pupae or mummified aphids can be assessed after all the parasitoids have died in the Mason jar.

3. Not releasing enough natural enemies

Do not be “cheap” when purchasing natural enemies. Always release a sufficient number to ensure regulation of existing insect and/or mite pest populations. Not releasing enough natural enemies will likely result in poor regulation of pest populations and subsequent damage to a cannabis crop. Be sure to consult supplier/distributor catalogs for specific information regarding release rates of natural enemies.

4. Releasing natural enemies too late

Biological control is a preventative approach and, as such, natural enemies are typically released before insect and/or mite pest populations are even detected to make sure pest populations do not become established. Therefore, order natural enemies in advance so that you receive shipments at least every other week, which will ensure that you receive a consistent shipment of natural enemies early in the production cycle. Once the cannabis crop starts budding and producing the sticky trichomes, it is too late to release any natural enemies.

Editor’s Note: This article previously ran in sister publication Greenhouse Management magazine and was adapted by Raymond Cloyd for Cannabis Business Times.

Raymond Cloyd is a professor and extension specialist in horticultural entomology/plant protection in the Department of Entomology at Kansas State University.

When visitors step into Pacific Reserve, a one-word reaction often follows: Wow. The crop in its cathedral-like Monterey County, California, greenhouse has that effect. Once the senses regroup, the hum of activity surfaces. From breeding and popping seeds to marketing and distributing its carefully curated brand, Pacific Reserve has a lot going on in-house, part of a conscious decision to control the company’s destiny and remain nimble as the state’s market evolves and business and operations lessons are learned.

For co-owners Brook Eagle, William Tomlinson and Andy D’Amico, the venture represents the synergy of their decades of growing experience, sacrifices made and a shared vision to bring the cannabis industry their very best.

Common Bonds and Beginnings

Pacific Reserve’s partners came together in 2016 when Northern California’s Monterey County (home to Salinas) opened to cannabis cultivation. Tomlinson and Eagle were founding members of The Guild collective in San Jose; D’Amico was a co-founder of cannabis-infused confectioner Day Dreamers Chocolate. While working separate projects on a shared Salinas Valley property, they connected.

All three have grown under California’s Proposition 215, the Compassionate Use Act of 1996, for more than 20 years. “We really found a common sense of hard work ethic and respect for each other,” Eagle says. “We’re deep in the culture. We believe in the plant, what it can do for our economies and for people’s health and well-being.”

In April 2017, the trio left their existing brands to start Pacific Reserve. Other than a minimal initial raise, they’ve bootstrapped and self-funded the project. “We take a lot of pride in that,” Eagle says. “We’ve gone through our ups and downs but have really built this farm from our own blood, sweat and tears.”

Monterey County only allowed cannabis cultivation within existing greenhouse and industrial buildings. (A pilot program allowing outdoor cultivation was just approved in June.) The team set up on a former floral farm that offered two greenhouses: one 3-acre structure (130,680 square feet) allocated to the nursery business, and one smaller 36,000-square-foot greenhouse for flowering.

With their experience and access to extensive genetics, concentrating on nursery production made sense. Monterey’s cannabis business taxes provided motivation, too: Fiscal-year taxes were $15 per square foot for flowering canopy versus $2 per square foot for nursery.

Pacific Reserve’s nursery offered commercial growers Grodan-plugged clones, 10- to 12-inch “teens” in 4-inch pots of organic soil and “ready-to-flower” plants. Learning and improving were priorities. “We built better environments, we figured out better protocols and really fine-tuned our nursery business,” Eagle shares.

Timely Pivots and Flower Expansion

As Pacific Reserve’s nursery business grew, the company encountered some unexpected obstacles. Compliance became an issue but not in the way people might expect.

“We’ve really been on top of our game and tried to be uber-compliant here,” says Eagle, Pacific Reserve’s compliance point person. One reality of being compliant was discovering that many other cannabis businesses weren’t, which significantly limited potential customers for compliant businesses like Pacific Reserve.

During that time, Monterey County also changed course. Effective July 1, 2018, fiscal-year nursery taxes dropped to $1 per square foot, but the mixed-light cultivation taxes that had been cost-prohibitive for Pacific Reserve dropped from $15 to $5. “That brought [flowering canopy] down to a rate that was competitive with other counties in the state, like Humboldt, Mendocino and Santa Barbara,” Eagle says.

One advantage to being owner-operators, especially in a volatile industry, is agility. “We make all the decisions, the three of us, and we aren’t afraid to make fast and decisive decisions,” Eagle says. When the tax rates became more competitive in Monterey County, Pacific Reserve expanded flower production and began focusing on wholesale flower sales.

Moving toward the wholesale market offset inherent nursery challenges like the seasonal nature of the business. Most of Pacific Reserve’s greenhouse-grown starts go to greenhouse and outdoor growers rather than indoor growers. “There’s a little bit of a hard transition to go into indoor facilities with plants that have been hardened off outside,” Eagle explains. The seasonal business peaks from April through July, then client gardens harvest and either slow down or take winter off.

Pacific Reserve scaled its nursery back to exclusively produce clones and teens, built out roughly half the former nursery space for flowering, and supplied other California brands with its flower. The company is planning another 75,000-square-foot expansion for greenhouse flower production over the coming year.

As 2018 ended, many people forecasted a massive California cannabis surplus for 2019. Eagle, Tomlinson and D’Amico disagreed. From their perspective, people weren’t clearing regulatory hurdles fast enough. They foresaw a shortage of compliant, licensed flowers for retail shelves. That’s when they decided to launch the Pacific Reserve brand. “We were right in our predictions,” Eagle says.

Brand Creation and In-House Control

Pacific Reserve continues to evolve as the business grows. The company discontinued wholesaling flower in December 2018 to focus on its new line. “Our brand is a Pacific lifestyle brand that reflects where we came from, where we’re living now and the West Coast culture of cannabis,” Eagle explains. “We’re not just a hip-hop culture or a hippie culture or a surfer culture. We’re part of the cannabis culture of the West Coast. That lifestyle that encompasses all those things.”

Initially, the brand relied on other businesses for non-production work, from rolling pre-rolls to distribution, but that soon changed. “We just found a lot of inadequate work being done in the space for us,” Eagle shares. “We found that the majority of the industry was still very immature from where we needed to be.”

So, the company successfully applied for processing, manufacturing and distribution licenses, moved everything in-house, established standard operating procedures (SOPs) and expanded its team—all devoted to Pacific Reserve’s brand. The only exception is extraction; an outside extractor produces crumble from Pacific Reserve’s product for the crumble-infused joints Pacific Reserve rolls.

The move reduced costs in some areas and increased it in others, but it’s all part of the curve. “We are learning throughout all these processes,” Tomlinson says. “We’re all smart enough and capable enough to see where the inefficiencies are and become more efficient. … Every month, we’re refining our processes, so in turn it’s becoming more cost effective.”

The brand is currently in 80 Northern California dispensaries. Its SoCal launch is expected sometime in August.

Each cultivar carries its own distinctive product label that reflects an aspect of the lifestyle Pacific Reserve is all about—from Pacific landscapes to a ’67 Impala—all designed by the company’s in-house designer.

The team has learned from other’s mistakes, as well. “We’re big proponents of making sure we have the infrastructure there to produce this product before we go out and market our brand,” Tomlinson says. “We’ve been very cautious about how we approach the market. When we go down to Southern California, we know that we’re going to have the product to keep supplying these stores to maintain that shelf space.”

Cultivation Continuity and Organic Priorities

Pacific Reserve’s organic greenhouse approach differs little from nursery to flower. “We really believe greenhouse [cultivation] grows the highest-quality medicine for the most-efficient costs, and we compete with the indoor-grown out there, in the sense of THC potency and quality of flowers,” Eagle says. “We also think that sun-grown brings a uniqueness out in the cannabis that indoor can’t.” Pacific Reserve supplements with lights in winter; the rest of the year, its plants just receive full sunlight.

Pacific Reserve plants are soil-grown in fabric pots on the ground, with an emphasis on organic soil and multiple organic inputs to create a full spectrum of macro- and micronutrients. Fabric pots allow roots to air-prune and grow larger, Eagle explains, while porous soil allows more feedings and air to the roots.

“A big thing for us is that we are cannabis users,” Eagle says. “We’ve been smoking cannabis for most of our lives, and we want to produce something for our customers that we can stand behind and that we would use. Organic inputs become really important to that.”

A Dosatron irrigation system with timed drip emitters waters multiple times a day. Eagle tests soil and leaf samples every two weeks. “I know what the plants are uptaking, and I know what’s in my soil, and then I feed accordingly,” he says. “We’re letting the plant and the soil, its food base, tell us what it needs so we can grow them optimally and not feed too much nutrients or feed too little, which saves us in costs.”

The team’s integrated pest management (IPM) strategies include predatory insects and proactive organic sprays for expected pests. “IPM to us isn’t the sense that we’re always 100-percent bug-free. It’s the sense that we’re out in the world where there’s always going to be bug pressures. We just need to deal with them, so they don’t overtake a crop,” Eagle says.

The brand keeps 16 cultivars (a mix of sativas, indicas, hybrids and CBD-dominant varieties) in production and switches them all three times a year. Some go straight to pre-rolls, others to jars.

Current flower production runs about 12,000 pounds annually. Monthly nursery production runs about 140,000 clones, some of which become teens for sale or stay in-house. Automation is used only in packaging; everything is hand-trimmed, and all processes are designed to treat flower very gently.

Goals That Transcend THC

Eagle, Tomlinson and D’Amico are currently building out 12,000 square feet for breeding and phenotype selection. Eagle, the primary breeder, says the company has collected about 400 genetics and a stable of 15 different males for in-house breeding purposes.

Eagle focuses on uniqueness and compatibility with the Salinas climate (think foggy mornings and botrytis threats). Breeding for THC isn’t always the priority, even though the California market accentuates it.

“We still hold on to the value of terpenes and how it tastes,” he says. “Sometimes your bud may test at 15 percent, but with the right terpene, you’re getting just as high as if you’re smoking a flower that tests out over 20 percent. I like to find stuff that has a lot of uniqueness, so that’s always one of my goals. Then just breeding some strains that are consistent, yield well, test high and have amazing terpene profiles.”

Pacific Reserve’s top-selling genetic is Ruby Slippers, a sativa with what Eagle describes as a soaring high and beautiful deep red color to its stems and the slipper-like undersides of its leaves. “It was bred by a friend but selected by us out of a few thousand seeds, so it’s definitely kind of an in-house strain,” Eagle says. “We’ve been slowly getting it out, but we’re about to have a lot of that out to the market.” Another favorite is Don’s Delight, a 20:1 CBD-dominant strain bred by D’Amico for a friend undergoing chemotherapy.

Plans are to release more genetics bred at Pacific Reserve soon—like Gypsy, a high-potency WIFI 43 x Boil Over cross that Eagle describes as having strong floral terpenes and uplifting, anti-anxiety highs. “We scrutinize our genetics really hard,” Eagle says. “When we do release them, I think that people are really going to find them very pleasurable, not only in smells and tastes but also in the effects that they cause.”

#FromOurFarm

Pacific Reserve’s marketing materials prominently feature the #FromOurFarm hashtag. The tag is more than a marketing tactic to Eagle, Tomlinson and D’Amico; it beckons back to their roots, growing on their own small farms under Proposition 215, and everything they and their families endured to make their dreams a reality.

“We really want to convey the message that we’ve made the decision and gone through all the struggles to control our own destiny,” Eagle says. “We’re not buying flower from another grower, we’re not using another distribution [company], we’re not trying to have a third party market us. Literally everything we’re doing is around this one table here at this farm.”

Tomlinson adds, “It’s really just portraying what we’re all about here and what we’ve sacrificed to get to this point—and how we’re really going to stay true to ourselves and our love for this plant that has brought us so much joy throughout all these years.”

Jolene Hansen is a freelance writer specializing in the cannabis and horticulture industries. Reach her at jolene@lovesgarden.com.