^Aphria interim CEO Irwin Simon spoke to CNBC’s Jim Cramer on “Mad Money” on Aug. 5, about opportunity in the Canadian cannabis market. Source: CNBC, “Aphria CEO Explains the Biggest Opportunity in the Canadian Weed Business,” Aug. 5, 2019.

^In a July 30 tweet, Washington, D.C., Mayor Muriel Bowser asked people to sign her petition to request that Congress allow the district to make its own decisions about how to regulate cannabis. On May 2, 2019, Mayor Bowser announced the Safe Cannabis Sales Act of 2019, which would legalize cannabis sales in the city. In 2014, Congress enacted a law that prohibits the city from spending federal dollars to create its own cannabis regulations.

^New York Assemblywoman Donna Lupardo talking about a hemp bill approved by the state legislature in June that would allow people to commercially grow hemp. Source: The Wall Street Journal, “Hemp Becomes Booming Crop for New York Farmers,” Aug. 4, 2019.

Since President Donald Trump signed the 2018 Farm Bill (officially titled the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018) into law in December and ushered in a nascent era of U.S. Department of Agriculture oversight, a domestic hemp industry has begun to take shape. State regulators are sunsetting the pilot programs that began several years back and working to transition existing and new businesses into this burgeoning federal regime.

At the same time, the cannabis industry is evolving on its own track. The adult-use marketplace hummed to life in the earlier years of this decade, with Washington and Colorado voters leading the way. Now, questions of federal reform and descheduling continue to shape the national discussion—in Washington and across the country. If it’s the inevitability that so many business owners say it is, what will federal legalization look like?

Clues Abound, Already

Many cannabis businesses are taking matters into their own hands and consolidating the market before the federal government comes to a conclusion. The cannabis industry experienced 91 mergers and acquisitions (M&A) during the first three months of 2019, compared with 62 deals during the same period in 2018, according to data on Viridian Capital Advisors’ website. Canadian firms are driving much of the M&A activity, as they take advantage of a nationally legal marketplace in Canada to acquire U.S. assets.

But what about hemp? Will the hemp industry develop along the same market consolidation tracks that cannabis is tracing now?

“The U.S. hemp market will mature more rapidly than the adult-use and medical cannabis markets due to federal legalization,” Jushi Holdings CEO and Chairman Jim Cacioppo tells Cannabis Business Times. Jushi Holdings, a multistate cannabis and hemp operator based in Boca Raton, Florida, recently acquired Dalitso LLC, a licensed cannabis business in Alexandria, Virginia, that produces CBD and THCA oil extracts.

“Legalization has opened access to financing and IP protection, providing access to capital to fund new and expanded operations throughout the country,” Cacioppo says. “Hemp cultivation and manufacturing is still an incredibly capital-intensive business, with extraction equipment costing upwards of $4 million for some industrial units.”

What’s Next for Hemp

The hemp M&A market could advance at a faster pace than the cannabis industry because of its legal status, according to Cacioppo.

“Hemp and hemp extracts are ‘federally legal,’ subject to the FDA's pending guidance, and the hemp industry does not operate under the same limited license regime that the marijuana industry does,” he says. “There are … few barriers to entry for a company to start their own CBD line—they just procure oil, packaging and build a website, and they are off selling product.”

An integrated environmental control system (ECS) is the best tool you can have for making science-based cultivation decisions, hands down. Integrating all your equipment under one system, not just your temperature and humidity controllers, but also lighting, water treatment, irrigation, CO₂ enrichment systems and alarms, provides better data, tighter control, increased energy savings and reduced waste.

Some systems will analyze your harvest statistics and record labor tasks to improve productivity. Such systems use anticipatory logic to make predictive changes to your climate, particularly important in a dynamic greenhouse environment where sunlight changes every few minutes on a partly cloudy day. This allows you to focus on growing your crop rather than worrying about your climate. For example, whereas non-integrated equipment may require several adjustments per day as conditions change, the greenhouse that my team managed only needed adjustment seasonally (four times per year).

ECSs store and display data to allow you to fine-tune your programming. They warn you when things go wrong via audible alarms and call-out texts, emails or phone calls. Lastly, with experience, a grower can learn to diagnose equipment problems using data graphs, often long before an alarm condition is reached. Because of their capacity to amplify the skills of a good grower, I recommend to my colleagues that they invest in the best ECS system they can afford.

Here are some tips on getting the most out this vital tool. Many of them pertain to greenhouses, which are more challenging to control than indoor grow rooms but are becoming a greater percentage of cannabis cultivation space each year, according to Cannabis Business Times’ “State of the Cannabis Cultivation Industry” report.

1. Do your homework. When selecting a system, you need to make your best judgment about which companies will be around five years from now. No matter how good the system is, if the company that built it goes belly up, you will no longer have access to upgrades, service or spare parts. I’ve seen this happen at two multi-million dollar research facilities: the first at an agricultural chemical company, the other at a Big Ten university.

Another mistake I’ve seen more than once is believing a system designed for controlling offices can control a room full of plants, especially a greenhouse. If you’ve never spent time in a greenhouse, you’ll be surprised at the rapid cycling rate of equipment—things are turning off and on all the time. This just doesn’t happen in an insulated, opaque building occupied by people. Ask your network of colleagues about the systems they’ve worked with. Find growers using the systems you’re considering. Don’t stop with just one opinion, and I promise you that patterns will emerge that will allow you to make the best selection.

2. Perform routine equipment checks. The curse of all automation is the complacency it breeds. Unlike the failsafe engineering of an aircraft, the ECS does not have a sensor on each piece of greenhouse or grow- room equipment indicating that it is functioning. It sends the signal to turn it on or off, but that’s all it knows. It is up to you to make sure the fresh air damper actually does open and close or the greenhouse exhaust fan hasn’t slipped a belt and is no longer spinning. Training staff to recognize improper functioning and performing routine maintenance checks is vital.

3. Don’t skip the training. Too often, even though you were offered a certain number of hours of free training on your system, in the rush and excitement of starting a new facility, this training gets dropped. This is true especially when you realize just how little daily input these systems require. Other times the vendor may not voluntarily provide it unless you insist. Put this training on the calendar, tell everyone of its importance, and try not to be interrupted during it.

4. Build in lightning protection. When lightning struck my ECS’s outdoor weather station, the charge traveled down the wires to the individual greenhouse controller that the weather station was wired to and fried it. Luckily, the charge did not travel further upstream destroying others, as a fail-safe was built in. Inexpensive communication chips were designed to fail when overloaded, protecting the boards of other controllers.

5. Plan for future equipment. When designing your system, have at least one spare standard electrical outlet controlled by the ECS. This will allow you to quickly add equipment later, such as an extra dehumidifier, or maybe something that hasn’t even been invented yet.

6. Add the ECS to your preventative maintenance schedule. Create a maintenance plan and assign responsibilities to it. If the fans that aspirate your sensor boxes fail, the sensors will measure higher than the room temperature when the lights or sun heat up the box. If your system uses wet wicks to measure humidity and those wicks go dry or get covered in a biofilm, they will measure incorrectly. Grime on glass thermistors that measure temperature/relative humidity (RH) affects the reading. Weather stations need to be calibrated and checked; I once had rain get inside a supposedly sealed electronics board for an outdoor humidity probe, causing inaccurate readings.

7. Snug the wires. Make sure signal and communication wires are tightly screwed down to their terminals. For the first few months in my new facility, I chased false power-outage alarms that would only last a few seconds, until I realized that several dozen terminals across the facility were not snugged down.

8. Don’t wait for sensors to fail. When some temperature probes fail and signal is lost, they often cause an alarm condition reading such as -40 degrees C, which allows you to know exactly when it happens. However, many times I observed that the sensor reading just froze at the last measurement and the room continued heating or cooling as it was at that moment, until it was too hot or too cold and there was no alarm! For this reason, I chose to replace my sensors every two years, even though they rarely, if ever, needed calibration until the day they stopped working.

9. Never drill into the controller cabinet. ECS cabinets are sealed from the environment when the cabinet doors are closed. That being said, there are some things to avoid. Though it may seem like a good way to clean a cement-floored corridor, never use a leaf blower that will stir up dust. Keep cabinet doors closed when you’re not present, as water lines have been known to burst in greenhouses where UV light from the sun weakens uninsulated plastic pipes. Never drill into the cabinet, as the metal shavings will short-circuit electronics.

10. Use static discharge bands. When working on circuit boards, such as wiring in new sensors or changing chips for a software upgrade, always wear a static discharge band around your wrist and have it attached to a ground in the cabinet. Without this protection for the equipment, you may not even see or feel the static spark, but the resultant “ghost in the machine” damage is very hard to troubleshoot.

11. Understand what happens during a power outage. Typically, because of battery back-up, everything returns to normal after a power outage, and the programming just picks up where it left off. However, scheduled irrigation cycles may have been missed, and the ECS doesn’t know it. Therefore, in the case of a power outage, check to ensure this has not happened. Also keep in mind that some valves mechanically close or open when not powered, depending on their construction. For example, heating valves may be “fail open” or “fail close.” The ECS may not know what position the valve is when power returns. They eventually synchronize again, but it may take several hours. For this reason, it is vital to ensure heating valves are synced with the ECS following a power outage.

12. Keep spare parts on hand. Store fuses, chips, input/output boards and even a spare controller, though this can cost thousands of dollars. Trust me, you will thank me for this advice when that moment comes, which is always at the worst possible time, such as the evening before a major holiday. None of these specialty components are likely to be found in a local electronics store.

13. Affix mechanical drawings inside the cabinet door. Keep copies of “as built” drawings in each cabinet for your use as well as use by any electricians or electronics specialists you contract for a repair. Just as important is to keep charts of any modifications you made yourself, such as additions of watering valves or new sensors. Include the configuration programming and calibration of those components, as these little details are too soon forgotten. Laminate these papers to protect them from deterioration.

14. Study your climate graphs closely. Understand what normal looks like, so you can better understand abnormal. You may think that troubleshooting problems is all about observing the actual equipment, but some problems only arise under certain weather conditions, which are hard to replicate. Some problems happen invisibly, such as when a heating valve at my facility was malfunctioning. It never resulted in an alarm condition, and it’s unlikely that a human could have observed or felt it, but the temperature was being controlled poorly.

15. Create a troubleshooting binder. When there is a malfunction, print a copy of the graph, label what the problem was and how it was resolved, and create a troubleshooting binder. Until I learned to do this, I would find myself looking at a graph and knowing I had seen that problem before yet couldn’t remember what it was.

16. Expand capability on your own. Learn how easy it is to add sensors (inputs) and equipment (outputs). Your vendor can assist you by phone and send diagrams to you by email. I was able to train my students to install irrigation valves, wire them to the ECS, configure and program them. We also installed humidifiers, infrared (IR) canopy sensors, motorized light-deprivation curtains over single tables, redundant temperature probes, soil moisture sensors, PAR sensors and web cams.

17. Dial it in. The true power of integrated controls is the fine-tuning of the environment. With an understanding of programming and close observation of climate data, you will be amazed at what you can achieve. We had a researcher doing important supplemental lighting research, requiring the same daily light integral, or accumulated light, in the greenhouse across all seasons and weather patterns in our Midwestern U.S. location, where it naturally varied from 2 mols/m2/day to 50 mols/m2/day. By using two layers of shade curtains and smart control of lights, we were able to “dial in” a DLI of 12 each day with an error of just less than 2 mols/m2/day.

By properly understanding how the climate effects plant physiology, cultivators can use data from an ECS to fine-tune optimum environments or even apply controlled stresses to achieve their cultivation goals. Similar conditions can be maintained crop after crop, season upon season, for the predictability and uniformity of plant attributes. Graphical tracking and user expertise allow for troubleshooting and repair of mechanical or programming errors that might linger for weeks or months with no one the wiser. The anticipatory logic and fast cycling capability of these systems is quite literally the difference between responding to environmental conditions and creating those conditions.

Robert Eddy is director of Ag Projects for Core Cannabis in East Lansing, Mich.

Fertility management can be challenging for many crops. Multiple steps and variables can occur along the fertility chain between plumbing and plant. For example, you may be providing enough iron (Fe) to your plants, but due to a higher or more alkaline pH of your growing substrate, that iron may not be available to the plant.

To ensure you provide plants the required fertility, a nutrient monitoring program should be implemented. One of the most useful nutrient monitoring techniques is the PourThru method, which allows growers to analyze the solution in the plant container and to troubleshoot potential problems by displacing a small portion of the solution in the plant container for analysis. This leachate will then be analyzed for pH and electrical conductivity (EC). These two metrics reveal the total quantity of dissolved fertilizer ions in the pot solution (EC) and how those ions will be available to the plant (pH).

How It Works

The PourThru nutrient monitoring system consists of eight simple steps.

1. Irrigate the crop. In order to displace some of the solution within the pot, there must be sufficient liquid in the pot so that when you add more, a small portion of the liquid leaches out. To complete this step, irrigate your plants thoroughly so they are almost saturated (Fig. 1).

It is important that your monitoring program includes about three to five plants per zone in your greenhouse or indoor operation. A zone is defined as a distinct region, climate or growing condition. Zones or units could also be composed of different cultivars. For example, if you have a cultivar that produces a lot of biomass and another cultivar that is more compact, you would want to sample each cultivar separately to ensure that each crop is being provided the nutrients it needs. The smaller cultivar could have a higher EC due to a lower use of fertilizer ions, while the larger cultivar could experience nutrient shortages due to more biomass production.

2. Let the irrigation solution settle. After irrigating your crops, allow the solution to settle for about 30 minutes so the added solution distributes in the pot. Think of this step as letting the solution equalize throughout the pot. When you irrigate, you are applying a greater concentration of ions to the pot. The solution in the pot has a lesser concentration of ions due to plant uptake. By waiting after irrigation, you allow the new ions to evenly distribute through the pot profile. This step ensures an accurate reading (Fig. 2).

3. Calibrate your meter. Next, calibrate your pH and EC meter. The readings are only as accurate as your last meter calibration. Many meters are available on the market; however, any meter you purchase should have both a pH and EC function. Consult your manufacturer or your manual for instructions on how to calibrate the instrument (Fig. 3).

4. Place a saucer underneath. You will need to place something under your containers, such as a plastic plate or a houseplant saucer, to catch the solution you will displace from the pot. The saucer should be able to hold 100 mL to 200 mL of solution. For analysis, you will need 50 mL to 100 mL of solution, so ensure your saucer has a greater capacity than what you need (Fig. 4).

5. Apply more liquid to your pot. The pot should already be saturated, and the solution equalized through the container profile. When you add more liquid to the pot, a small volume of the container solution will be displaced. Use deionized water (DI) or distilled water if your irrigation water is not pure. This ensures that the solution you are adding to the container does not contaminate the results. Add 200 mL to 500 mL of DI or distilled water per container. Larger pots may require more solution. For larger or odd-shaped containers, add 100 mL of liquid at a time until enough leachate is obtained (50 mL to 100 mL) (Fig. 5).

6. Collect the leachate. Next, you will obtain your leachate sample for analysis. There should be a small amount of displaced liquid from the container in the plate or saucer. Again, you will need about 50 mL to 100 mL of solution for an accurate reading. Collect the solution in a cup or container large enough to submerge the diode on your pH/EC meter. Do not lose or discard this solution before you are done, as you will analyze it in the next steps (Fig. 6).

7. Analyze your leachate. Now that you have the leachate in a cup or container, it is time to analyze it. Follow the instructions on your meter to obtain both your pH and EC measurement. For the most accurate results, ensure the numbers on your meter reach a stable reading (Fig. 7).

8. Interpret your results. You should have two numbers from your unit. The first will be a pH reading. The optimal pH for cannabis can be found in Table 1. The optimal EC for cannabis can be found in Table 2.

Corrective Procedures

Before making any corrective measures, determine if the values are outside of the acceptable ranges (Tables 1 and 2). If the EC or pH values have drifted out of the acceptable range, then take corrective measures to ensure that the fertility program is back on track.

For strategies to correct low and high pH, see the article, “New Research Results: Optimal pH for Cannabis,” by Brian Whipker, James T. Smith, Paul Cockson and Hunter Landis in Cannabis Business Times’ March 2019 issue.

To learn how solution and substrate EC can be used to enhance cannabis growth, see “Optimizing Electrical Conductivity (EC)” in Cannabis Business Times April 2019 issue.

As always, remember to recheck your substrate pH and EC within a few days to determine if reapplications are needed.

Summary

By monitoring your pH and EC through a PourThru program, you will be able to catch nutrient accumulations before they become an issue. This will not only save you time but will also allow you to provide nutrients in a more precise and economical fashion.